Инсталиране от ЖИВ образ

Select and use ISOs

Въведение

Mageia is distributed via ISO images. This page will help you to choose which image best suits your needs.

There are two families of media:

Classical installer: Booting with this media provides you with the maximum flexibility when choosing what to install, and for configuring your system. In particular, you have a choice of which Desktop environment to install

LIVE media: This option allows you to try out Mageia without having to actually install it, or make any changes to your computer. If the installation is decided, the process is simpler, but you get fewer choices than offered by the Classical installer

Details are given in the next sections.

Media

Definition

Here, a medium (plural: media) is an ISO image file that allows you to install and/or update Mageia and by extension any physical support (DVD, USB stick, ...) the ISO file is copied to.

You can find Mageia ISO's here.

Classical installation media

Common features

These ISOs use the Classical installer called drakx.

They are used for performing clean installs or to upgrade a previously installed version of Mageia.

Different media for 32 and 64 bit architectures.

Some tools are available in the Welcome screen: Rescue System, Memory Test, Hardware Detection Tool.

Each DVD contains many available desktop environments and languages.

You'll be given the choice during the installation to add non free software.

Live media

Common features

Can be used to preview the Mageia operating system without having to install it. Can also be used to install Mageia if you wish.

Each ISO contains only one desktop environment (Plasma, GNOME or Xfce).

Different media for 32 and 64 bit architectures.

Live ISOs can only be used to create clean installations, they cannot be used to upgrade previously installed Mageia releases.

They contain non free software.

Live DVD Plasma

Plasma desktop environment only.

All available languages are present.

64 bit architecture only.

Live DVD GNOME

GNOME desktop environment only.

All available languages are present.

64 bit architecture only

Live DVD Xfce

Xfce desktop environment only.

All available languages are present.

32 or 64 bit architectures.

Net install media

Common features

These are minimal ISO's containing no more than that which is needed to start the drakx installer and find drakx-installer-stage2 and other packages that are needed to continue and complete the install. These packages may be on the PC hard disk, on a local drive, on a local network or on the Internet.

These media are very light (less than 100 MB) and are convenient if bandwidth is too low to download a full DVD, or if you have a PC without a DVD drive or is unable to boot from a USB stick.

Different media for 32 and 64 bit architectures.

First steps are English language only.

netinstall.iso

Contains only free software, for those people who prefer not to use non-free software.

netinstall-nonfree.iso

Contains non-free software (mostly drivers, codecs...) for people who need it.

Downloading and Checking Media

Downloading

Once you have chosen your ISO file, you can download it using either http or BitTorrent. In both cases, you are provided with some information, such as the mirror in use and an option to switch if the bandwidth is too low. If http is chosen, you will also see something regarding checksums.

md5sum and sha1sum are tools to check the ISO integrity. Choose one or the other, and copy the checksum for later use. Then a window similar to this one appears:

Select the Save File option, then, click OK.

Checking the integrity of the downloaded media

The checksums referred to earlier, are digital fingerprints generated by an algorithm from the file to be downloaded. You may compare the checksum of your downloaded ISO against that of the original source ISO. If the checksums do not match, it means that the actual data on the ISO's do not match, and if it is the case, then you should retry the download or attempt a repair using BitTorrent.

To generate the checksum for your downloaded ISO, open a console, (no need to be root), and:

To use md5sum, type: md5sum path/to/the/image/file.iso.

To use sha1sum, type: sha1sum path/to/the/image/file.iso

Пример:

and compare the result (you may have to wait for a while) with the checksum provided by Mageia.

Burn or dump the ISO

The verified ISO can now be burned to a CD/DVD or dumped to a USB stick. This is not a standard copy operation as a bootable medium will actually be created.

Burning the ISO to a CD/DVD

Whichever software you use, ensure that the option to burn an image is used, burn data or files is not correct. See the Mageia wiki for more information.

Dump the ISO to a USB stick

All Mageia ISOs are hybrids, which means you can 'dump' them to a USB stick and then use it to boot and install the system.

Внимание

"Dumping" an image onto a flash device destroys any previous file-system on the device; any existing data will be lost and the partition capacity will be reduced to the image size.

To recover the original capacity, you must redo partitioning and re-format the USB stick.

Using a graphical tool within Mageia

You can use a graphical tool like IsoDumper

Using a graphical tool within Windows

You could try:

Rufus using the "ISO image" option;

Win32 Disk Imager

Using Command line within a GNU/Linux system

Внимание

It is potentially *dangerous* to do this by hand. You risk overwriting potentially valuable existing data if you specify the wrong target device.

Open a console

Become a root (Administrator) user with the command su - (don't forget the final '-' )

Plug in your USB stick (do not mount it, this also means do not open any application or file manager that could access or read it)

Enter the command fdisk -l

Find the device name for your USB stick (by its size), for example /dev/sdb in the screenshot above, it is an 8GB USB stick.

Alternatively, you can find the device name with the command dmesg: towards the end of this example, you can see the device name starting with sd, and in this case, sdd is the actual device. You can also see that its size is 2GB:

[72594.604531] usb 1-1: new high-speed USB device number 27 using xhci_hcd
[72594.770528] usb 1-1: New USB device found, idVendor=8564, idProduct=1000
[72594.770533] usb 1-1: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3
[72594.770536] usb 1-1: Product: Mass Storage Device
[72594.770537] usb 1-1: Manufacturer: JetFlash
[72594.770539] usb 1-1: SerialNumber: 18MJTWLMPUCC3SSB
[72594.770713] usb 1-1: ep 0x81 - rounding interval to 128 microframes, ep desc says 255 microframes
[72594.770719] usb 1-1: ep 0x2 - rounding interval to 128 microframes, ep desc says 255 microframes
[72594.771122] usb-storage 1-1:1.0: USB Mass Storage device detected
[72594.772447] scsi host8: usb-storage 1-1:1.0
[72595.963238] scsi 8:0:0:0: Direct-Access     JetFlash Transcend 2GB    1100 PQ: 0 ANSI: 4
[72595.963626] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdd] 4194304 512-byte logical blocks: (2.14 GB/2.00 GiB)
[72595.964104] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdd] Write Protect is off
[72595.964108] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdd] Mode Sense: 43 00 00 00
[72595.965025] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdd] No Caching mode page found
[72595.965031] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdd] Assuming drive cache: write through
[72595.967251]  sdd: sdd1
[72595.969446] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdd] Attached SCSI removable disk

Enter the command: # dd if=path/to/the/ISO/file of=/dev/sdX bs=1M

Where X=your device name eg: /dev/sdd

Example: # dd if=/home/user/Downloads/Mageia-6-x86_64-DVD.iso of=/dev/sdd bs=1M

Подсказка

It might helpful to know that if stands for input file and of stands for output file

Enter the command: # sync

This is the end of the process, and you may now unplug your USB stick.

Boot Mageia as Live system

Booting the medium

From a disc

You can boot directly from the media you used to burn your image (CD-ROM, DVD-ROM...). You usually just need to insert it in your CD/DVD drive for the bootloader to launch the installation automatically after rebooting the computer. If that does not happen you may need to reconfigure your BIOS or press one key that will offer you to choose the peripheral from which the computer will boot.

According to which hardware you have, and how it is configured, you get either one or another of the two screens below.

From a USB device

You can boot from the USB device on which you dumped your image ISO. According to your BIOS settings, the computer boots perhaps directly on the USB device already plugged in a port. If that does not happen you may need to reconfigure your BIOS or press one key that will offer you to choose the peripheral from which the computer will boot.

In BIOS/CSM/Legacy mode

First screen while booting in BIOS mode

In the middle menu, you have the choice between three actions:

Boot Mageia: That means Mageia 5 will start from the connected media (CD/DVD or USB stick) without writing anything on the disk, so expect a very slow system. Once the boot is done, you can proceed to the installation on a hard disk.

Install Mageia: This choice will directly install Mageia on a hard disk.

Boot from hard disk: This choice allows to boot from hard disk, as usual, when no media (CD/DVD or USB stick) is connected. (not working with Mageia 5).

In the bottom menu, are the Boot Options:

F1 - Help. Explain the options "splash", "apm", "acpi" and "Ide"

F2 - Language. Choose the display language of the screens.

F3 - Screen resolution. Choose between text, 640x400, 800x600, 1024x728

F4 - CD-Rom. CD-Rom or Other. Normally, the installation is performed from the inserted installation medium. Here, select other sources, like FTP or NFS servers. If the installation is carried out in a network with an SLP server, select one of the installation sources available on the server with this option.

F5 - Driver. Yes or No. The system is aware about the presence of an optional disk with a driver update and will require its insertion during installation process.

F6 - Kernel options. This is a way to specify options according to your hardware and the drivers to use.

In UEFI mode

First screen while booting on UEFI system from disk

You have only the choice to run Mageia in Live mode (first choice) or to process the installation (second choice).

If you booted from a USB stick, you get two supplemental lines which are a duplicata of the previous lines suffixed with "USB". You have to choose them.

In each case, the first steps will be the same to choose language, timezone and keyboard, then the processes differ, with additional steps in Live mode.

Моля, изберете език

Select your preferred language, by first expanding the list for your continent. Mageia will use this selection during the installation and for your installed system.

Select your preferred language. Mageia will use this selection during the installation and for your installed system.

If it is likely that you (or others) will require several languages to be installed on your system, then you should use the Multiple languages option to add them now. It will be difficult to add extra language support after installation.

Внимание

Even if you choose more than one language, you must first choose one as your preferred language in the first language screen. It will also be marked as chosen in the multiple languages screen.

If your keyboard language is not the same as your preferred language, then it is advisable to install the language of your keyboard as well.

Mageia uses UTF-8 (Unicode) support by default.

This may be disabled in the Multiple languages screen if you know that it is inappropriate for your language. Disabling UTF-8 applies to all installed languages.

You can change the language of your system after installation in the Mageia Control Center -> System -> Manage localization for your system.

License and Release Notes

License Agreement

Before installing Mageia, please read the license terms and conditions carefully.

These terms and conditions apply to the entire Mageia distribution and must be accepted before you can continue.

To proceed, simply select Accept and then click on Next.

If you decide not to accept these conditions, then we thank you for looking. Clicking Quit will reboot your computer.

Бележки към версията

Important information about this release of Mageia can be viewed by clicking on the Release Notes button.

Configure your Timezone

Choose your time-zone by choosing your country or a city close to you in the same time-zone.

In the next screen you can choose to set your hardware clock to local time or to GMT, also known as UTC.

Забележка

If you have more than one operating system on your computer, make sure they are all set to local time, or all to UTC/GMT.

Clock settings

In this step, you have to select on which time your internal clock is set, either local time or UTC time.

In advanced tab, you will find more options about clock settings.

Изберете клавиатура

You will be required to set the keyboard layout you wish to use in Mageia​​. The default one is selected according to your language and timezone previously selected.

Testing Mageia as Live system

Жив режим

You get this screen if you selected "Boot Mageia". If not, you get the "Partitioning step"

Testing hardware

One of the Live mode goals is to test if the hardware is correctly managed by Mageia. You can check if all devices have a driver in the Hardware section of the Mageia Control Center. You can test the most current devices:

network interface: configure it with net_applet

graphical card: if you see the previous screen, it's already OK.

webcam:

sound: a jingle has already been played

printer: configure it and print a test page

scanner: scan a document from ...

If all is OK for you, you can process to the installation. If not, you can leave with the quit button.

The configuration settings you made here are kept for the installation.

Launch installation

To launch the installation of Mageia LiveCD or Live DVD to the hard disc or SSD drive, simply click on the icon "Install on Hard Disk". You will get this screen, and then the "Partitioning step" as for the direct installation.

Управление на дискови дялове

In this screen you can see the content of your hard drive(s) along with the DrakX partitioning proposals for where to install Mageia.

The options available from those shown below will vary according to the layout and content of your particular hard drive(s).

Use Existing Partitions

If this option is available, then existing Linux compatible partitions have been found and may be used for the installation.

Use Free Space

If you have unused space on your hard drive then this option will use it for your new Mageia installation.

Use Free Space on a Windows Partition

If you have unused space on an existing Windows partition, the installer may offer to use it.

This can be a useful way of making room for your new Mageia installation, but is a risky operation so you should make sure you have backed up all important files!

Note that this involves shrinking the size of the Windows partition. The partition must be "clean", meaning that Windows must have closed down correctly the last time it was used. It must also have been defragmented, although this is not a guarantee that all files in the partition have been moved out of the area that is about to be used. It is highly recommended to back up your personal files.

With this option, the installer displays the remaining Windows partition in light blue and the proposed Mageia partition in dark blue with their intended sizes just underneath. You have the option to modify these sizes by clicking and dragging the gap between both partitions. See the following screen-shot.

Erase and use Entire Disk.

This option will allocate the entire drive for Mageia.

Note! This will erase ALL data on the selected hard drive. Take care!

If you intend to use part of the disk for something else, or you already have data on the drive that you are not prepared to lose, then do not use this option.

Персонализирано разделяне на диска

This gives you complete control over the placing of the installation on your hard drive(s).

Partition sizing:

If you are not using the Custom disk partitioning option, the installer will allocate the available space according to the following rules:

If the total available space is less than 50 GB, then only one partition is created. This will be the / (root) partition.

If the total available space is greater than 50 GB, then three partitions are created

6/19 of the total available place is allocated to / with a maximum of 50 GB

1/19 is allocated to swap with a maximum of 4 GB

the rest (at least 12/19) is allocated to /home.

That means that from 160 GB or greater available space, the installer will create three partitions: 50 GB for /, 4 GB for swap and the remainder for /home.

Забележка

If you are using a UEFI system, the ESP (EFI System Partition) will be automatically detected - or created if it does not exist yet, and mounted on /boot/EFI. The Custom disk partitioning option is the only one that allows to check it has been correctly done

Забележка

If you are using a Legacy (CSM or BIOS) system with a GPT disk, you need to create a BIOS boot partition if not already existing. It is a roughly 1 MiB partition with no mount point. Choose разделът със заглавие „Custom disk partitioning with DiskDrake“ to be able to create it with the Installer like any other partition, just select BIOS boot partition as the filesystem type.

Внимание

Some newer drives are now using 4096 byte logical sectors, instead of the previous standard of 512. Due to lack of available hardware, the partitioning tool used in the installer has not been tested with such a drive. Also some SSD devices now use an erase block size over 1 MB. If you have such a device we suggest that you partition the drive in advance, using an alternative partitioning tool like gparted, and to use the following settings:

Align to = MiB

Free space preceding (MiB) = 2

Also make sure all partitions are created using an even number of megabytes.

Изберете точките за монтиране

Here you see the Linux partitions that have been found on your computer. If you don't agree with the DrakX suggestions, you can change the mount points.

Забележка

If you change anything, make sure you still have a / (root) partition.

Every partition is shown to the left as: Device (capacity, mount point, type).

Device, is made up of: hard drive, [hard drive name (letter)], partition number (for example, sda5).

If you have several partitions, you can choose various different mount points from the drop down menu, such as /, /home and /var. You can even make your own mount points, for instance /video for a partition where you want to store your films, or /Data (or some other name) for your data.

For any partitions that you don't need to make use of, you can leave the mount point field blank.

Внимание

If you are not sure what to choose, click Previous to go back and then tick Custom disk partitioning, where, you can click on a partition to see its type and size.

If you are sure the mount points are correct, click on Next, and choose whether you only want to format the partition(s) DrakX suggests, or more.

Confirm hard disk to be formatted

Click on Previous if you are at all unsure about your choice.

Click on Next to proceed if you are sure that it is ok to erase every partition, every operating system and all data that might be on that hard disk.

Custom disk partitioning with DiskDrake

Внимание

If you wish to use encryption on your / partition you must ensure that you have a separate /boot partition. The encryption option for the /boot partition must NOT be set, otherwise your system will be unbootable.

Modify the layout of your disk(s) here. You can remove or create partitions, change the filesystem of a partition or change its size and even view their details before you start.

There is a tab at the top for every detected hard disk (or other storage device like a USB key). In the screen-shot above there are two available devices: sda and sdb.

Take care with the Clear all option, use it only if you are sure you want to wipe all partitions on the selected storage device.

For all other actions: click on the desired partition first. Then view it, or choose a filesystem and a mount point, resize it or wipe it. Expert mode provides more options such as a label (give a name to) a partition, or to choose a partition type.

Continue until you have adjusted everything to your satisfaction.

Click Done when you're ready.

Забележка

If you are installing Mageia on a UEFI system, check that an ESP (EFI System Partition) is present and correctly mounted on /boot/EFI (see below)

Забележка

If you are installing Mageia on a Legacy/GPT system, check that a BIOS boot partition is present and of the correct type

Форматиране

Here you can choose which partition(s) you wish to format. Any data on partitions not marked for formatting will be preserved.

Usually at least the partitions DrakX selected, need to be formatted

Click on Advanced to choose partitions you want to check for so called bad blocks

Подсказка

If you're not sure you have made the right choice, you can click on Previous, again on Previous and then on Custom to get back to the main screen, where you can choose to view details of your partitions.

When you are confident about the selection, click on Next to continue.

Keep or delete unused material

In this step, the installer looks for unused locales packages and unused hardware packages. Then it proposes you to delete them. It is a good idea to accept, except if you prepare an installation which has to run on different hardware.

The next step is the copying of files on hard disk. This takes some minutes. At the end, you get a blank screen for some time, it's normal.

Опции на програмата за начално зареждане

Bootloader interface

By default, Mageia uses exclusively:

GRUB2 (with or without graphical menu) for a Legacy/MBR or Legacy/GPT system

GRUB2-efi for a UEFI system.

Подсказка

The Mageia graphical menus are nice :)

GRUB2 on Legacy/MBR and Legacy/GPT systems

Don't modify the Boot Device unless you really know what you are doing.

GRUB2-efi on UEFI systems

With a UEFI system, the user interface is slightly different as you cannot choose between the with or without graphical menu options.

If Mageia is the only system installed on your computer, the installer created an ESP (EFI System Partition) to house the bootloader (GRUB2-efi). If there are already UEFI operating systems installed on your computer (Windows 8 for example), the Mageia installer detects the existing ESP created by Windows and adds GRUB2-efi. Although it is possible to have several ESPs, only one is required (and advised), whatever the number of operating systems you have.

Don't modify the Boot Device unless you really know what you are doing.

Using a Mageia bootloader

By default, and according to your system, Mageia writes one of the following:

a GRUB2 bootloader either into the MBR (Master Boot Record) of your first hard drive or in the BIOS boot partition.

a GRUB2-efi bootloader into the ESP

If you already have other operating systems installed, Mageia attempts to add them to your new Mageia boot menu. If you don't want this behaviour, click on Next and then untick the Probe Foreign OS option.

Using an existing bootloader

The exact procedure for adding your Mageia system to an existing bootloader is beyond the scope of this documentation, however in most cases it will involve running the relevant bootloader installation program which should detect and add it automatically. See the documentation for the operating system in question.

Using chain loading

If you don't want a bootable Mageia, but to chain-load it from another OS, click on Next, then on Advanced and tick the box Do not touch ESP or MBR.

You will get a warning that the bootloader is missing, ignore it by clicking OK.

Опции

Първа страница

Delay before booting the default image: This lets you set a delay in seconds before the default operating system is started up.

Security: This allows you to set a password for the bootloader. This means a username and password will be required when booting to select a booting entry or change settings. The username is root and the password is the one chosen here-after.

Password: Choose a password for the bootloader.

Password (again): Retype the password and DrakX will check that it matches with the one above.

Advanced

Enable ACPI: ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface) is a standard for power management. It can save energy by stopping unused devices. Deselecting it could be useful if, for example, your computer does not support ACPI or if you think the ACPI implementation might cause some problems (for instance random reboots or system lockups).

Enable SMP: This option enables/disables symmetric multiprocessing for multi core processors.

Enable APIC: This gives the operating system access to the Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller. APIC devices permit more complex priority models, and Advanced IRQ (Interrupt Request) management.

Enable Local APIC: Local APIC manages all external interrupts for a specific processor in an SMP system.

Следваща страница

Default: Operating system started up by default

Append: This option lets you pass the kernel information or tell the kernel to give you more information as it boots.

Probe foreign OS: see above Using a Mageia bootloader

Advanced

Video mode: This sets the screen size and colour depth to be used by the boot menu. If you click the down triangle you will be offered other size and colour depth options.

Do not touch ESP or MBR: see above Using the chain loading

Add or Modify a Boot Menu Entry

To do this you need to manually edit /boot/grub2/custom.cfg or use the software grub-customizer tool instead (available in the Mageia repositories).

Забележка

For more information, see: https://wiki.mageia.org/en/Grub2-efi_and_Mageia

Рестартиране

Once the bootloader has been installed, you will be prompted to halt your computer, remove the live CD and restart the computer, click on Finish and act as asked in this order!

When you restart, you will see a succession of download progress bars. These indicate that the software media lists are being downloaded (see Software management).

User and Superuser Management

Set Administrator (root) Password:

It is advisable for all Mageia installations to set a superuser (administrator) password, usually called the root password in Linux. As you type a password into the top box a shield will change from red to yellow to green depending on the strength of the password. A green shield shows you are using a strong password. You need to repeat the same password in the box underneath, to check that the first entry was not mistyped.

Забележка

All passwords are case sensitive. It is best to use a mixture of letters (upper and lower case), numbers and other characters in a password.

Въведете потребител

Add a user here. A regular user has fewer privileges than the superuser (root), but enough to use the internet, office applications or play games and anything else the average user might use their computer for.

Icon: if you click on this button it will change the user's icon.

Real Name: Insert the user's real name into this text box.

Login Name: Enter the user login name or let DrakX use a version of the user's real name. The login name is case sensitive.

Password: Type in the user password. There is a shield at the end of the text box that indicates the strength of the password. (See also Забележка)

Password (again): Retype the user password DrakX will check that you have not mistyped the password.

Забележка

Any users you added while installing Mageia, will have a home directory that is both read and write protected (umask=0027).

You can add any extra needed users in the Configuration - Summary step during the install. Choose User management.

The access permissions can also be changed after the install.

Advanced User Management

The Advanced option allows you to edit further settings for the user you are adding.

Shell: This drop-down list allows you to change the shell available to any user you added in the previous screen. Options are Bash, Dash and Sh

User ID: Here you can set the user ID for any user you added in the previous screen. If you are unsure what the purpose of this is, then leave it blank.

Group ID: This lets you set the group ID. Again, if unsure, leave it blank.

Login screen

KDM login screen

Finally, you will come to the login screen.

Enter your user name and user password, and in a few seconds you will find yourself with a loaded KDE or GNOME desktop, depending on which live medium you used. You can now start using your Mageia installation.

You can find another part of our documentation in the Mageia wiki.

Uninstalling Mageia

If Mageia didn't convince you or you can't install it correctly - in short you want get rid of it - that is your right and Mageia also gives you the possibility to uninstall. This is not true for every operating system.

After your data backup, reboot your Mageia installation DVD and select Rescue system, then, Restore Windows boot loader. At the next boot, you will only have Windows, with no option to choose your operating system.

In Windows to recover the space used by Mageia partitions: click on Start -> Control Panel -> Administrative Tools -> Computer Management -> Storage -> Disk Management. You will recognize a Mageia partition because they are labeled Unknown, and also by their size and place on the disk. Right click on each of these partitions and select Delete to free up the space.

If you are using Windows XP, you can create a new partition and format it (FAT32 or NTFS). It will get a partition letter.

If you have Vista or 7, you have one more possibility, you can extend the existing partition that is at the left of the freed space. There are other partitioning tools that can be used, such as gparted, available for both Windows and Linux. As always, when changing partitions, be very careful to back up anything important to you.